Danielle Anderson was working in what has become the worldтАЩs most notorious laboratory just weeks before the first known cases of COVID-19 emerged in central China. Yet, the Australian virologist still wonders what she missed.
An expert in bat-borne viruses, Anderson is the only foreign scientist to have undertaken research at the Wuhan Institute of VirologyтАЩs BSL-4 lab, the first in mainland China equipped to handle the planetтАЩs deadliest pathogens. Her most recent stint ended in November 2019, giving Anderson an insiderтАЩs perspective on a place thatтАЩs become a flash point in the search for what caused the worst pandemic in a century.
The emergence of the coronavirus in the same city where institute scientists, clad head-to-toe in protective gear, study that exact family of viruses has stoked speculation that it might have leaked from the lab, possibly via an infected staffer or a contaminated object. ChinaтАЩs lack of transparency since the earliest days of the outbreak fueled those suspicions, which have been seized on by the U.S. ThatтАЩs turned the quest to uncover the origins of the virus, critical for preventing future pandemics, into a geopolitical minefield.
The work of the lab and the director of its emerging infectious diseases section тАФ Shi Zhengli, a long-time colleague of AndersonтАЩs dubbed тАЬBatwomanтАЭ for her work hunting viruses in caves тАФ is now shrouded in controversy. The U.S. has questioned the labтАЩs safety and alleged its scientists were engaged in contentious gain of function research that manipulated viruses in a manner that could have made them more dangerous.
ItтАЩs a stark contrast to the place Anderson described in an interview, the first in which sheтАЩs shared details about working at the lab.
Half-truths and distorted information have obscured an accurate accounting of the labтАЩs functions and activities, which were more routine than how theyтАЩve been portrayed in the media, she said.
тАЬItтАЩs not that it was boring, but it was a regular lab that worked in the same way as any other high-containment lab,тАЭ Anderson said. тАЬWhat people are saying is just not how it is.тАЭ
Now at MelbourneтАЩs Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Anderson began collaborating with Wuhan researchers in 2016, when she was scientific director of the biosafety lab at SingaporeтАЩs Duke-NUS Medical School. Her research тАФ which focuses on why lethal viruses like Ebola and Nipah cause no disease in the bats in which they perpetually circulate тАФ complemented studies underway at the Chinese institute, which offered funding to encourage international collaboration.
A rising star in the virology community, Anderson, 42, says her work on Ebola in Wuhan was the realization of a life-long career goal. Her favorite movie is тАЬOutbreak,тАЭ the 1995 film in which disease experts respond to a dangerous new virus тАФ a job Anderson said she wanted to do. For her, that meant working on Ebola in a high-containment laboratory.
AndersonтАЩs career has taken her all over the world. After obtaining an undergraduate degree from Deakin University in Geelong, Australia, she worked as a lab technician at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, then returned to Australia to complete a doctorate under the supervision of eminent virologists John Mackenzie and Linfa Wang. She did post-doctoral work in Montreal, before moving to Singapore and working again with Wang, who described Anderson as тАЬvery committed and dedicated,тАЭ and similar in personality to Shi.
тАЬTheyтАЩre both very blunt with such high moral standards,тАЭ Wang said by phone from Singapore, where heтАЩs the director of the emerging infectious diseases program at the Duke-NUS Medical School. тАЬIтАЩm very proud of what DanielleтАЩs been able to do.тАЭ
On the ground
Anderson was on the ground in Wuhan when experts believe the virus, now known as SARS-CoV-2, was beginning to spread. Daily visits for a period in late 2019 put her in close proximity to many others working at the 65-year-old research center. She was part of a group that gathered each morning at the Chinese Academy of Sciences to catch a bus that shuttled them to the institute about 20 miles away.
As the sole foreigner, Anderson stood out, and she said the other researchers there looked out for her.
тАЬWe went to dinners together, lunches, we saw each other outside of the lab,тАЭ she said.
From her first visit before it formally opened in 2018, Anderson was impressed with the instituteтАЩs maximum biocontainment lab. The concrete, bunker-style building has the highest biosafety designation and requires air, water and waste to be filtered and sterilized before it leaves the facility. There were strict protocols and requirements aimed at containing the pathogens being studied, Anderson said, and researchers underwent 45 hours of training to be certified to work independently in the lab.
The induction process required scientists to demonstrate their knowledge of containment procedures and their competency in wearing air-pressured suits. тАЬItтАЩs very, very extensive,тАЭ Anderson said.
Entering and exiting the facility was a carefully choreographed endeavor, she said. Departures were made especially intricate by a requirement to take both a chemical shower and a personal shower тАФ the timings of which were precisely planned.
Special disinfectants
These rules are mandatory across BSL-4 labs, though Anderson noted differences compared with similar facilities in Europe, Singapore and Australia in which sheтАЩs worked. The Wuhan lab uses a bespoke method to make and monitor its disinfectants daily, a system Anderson was inspired to introduce in her own lab. She was connected via a headset to colleagues in the labтАЩs command center to enable constant communication and safety vigilance тАФ steps designed to ensure nothing went awry.
However, the Trump administrationтАЩs focus in 2020 on the idea the virus escaped from the Wuhan facility suggested that something went seriously wrong at the institute, the only one to specialize in virology, viral pathology and virus technology of the some 20 biological and biomedical research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Virologists and infectious disease experts initially dismissed the theory, noting that viruses jump from animals to humans with regularity. There was no clear evidence from within SARS-CoV-2тАЩs genome that it had been artificially manipulated, or that the lab harbored progenitor strains of the pandemic virus. Political observers suggested the allegations had a strategic basis and were designed to put pressure on Beijing.
And yet, ChinaтАЩs actions raised questions. The government refused to allow international scientists into Wuhan in early 2020 when the outbreak was mushrooming, including experts from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, who were already in the region.
Beijing stonewalled on allowing World Health Organization experts into Wuhan for more than a year, and then provided only limited access. The WHO teamтАЩs final report, written with and vetted by Chinese researchers, played down the possibility of a lab leak. Instead, it said the virus probably spread via a bat through another animal, and gave some credence to a favored Chinese theory that it could have been transferred via frozen food.
Never sick
ChinaтАЩs obfuscation led outside researchers to reconsider their stance. Last month, 18 scientists writing in the journal Science called for an investigation into COVID-19тАЩs origins that would give balanced consideration to the possibility of a lab accident. Even the director-general of the WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said the lab theory hadnтАЩt been studied extensively enough.
But itтАЩs U.S. President Joe BidenтАЩs consideration of the idea тАФ previously dismissed by many as a Trumpist conspiracy theory тАФ that has given it newfound legitimacy. Biden called on AmericaтАЩs intelligence agencies last month to redouble their efforts in rooting out the genesis of COVID-19 after an earlier report, disclosed by The Wall Street Journal, claimed three researchers from the lab were hospitalized with flu-like symptoms in November 2019.
Anderson said no one she knew at the Wuhan institute was ill toward the end of 2019. Moreover, there is a procedure for reporting symptoms that correspond with the pathogens handled in high-risk containment labs.
тАЬIf people were sick, I assume that I would have been sick тАФ and I wasnтАЩt,тАЭ she said. тАЬI was tested for coronavirus in Singapore before I was vaccinated, and had never had it.тАЭ
Not only that, many of AndersonтАЩs collaborators in Wuhan came to Singapore at the end of December for a gathering on Nipah virus. There was no word of any illness sweeping the laboratory, she said.
тАЬThere was no chatter,тАЭ Anderson said. тАЬScientists are gossipy and excited. There was nothing strange from my point of view going on at that point that would make you think something is going on here.тАЭ
The names of the scientists reported to have been hospitalized havenтАЩt been disclosed. The Chinese government and Shi Zhengli, the labтАЩs now-famous bat-virus researcher, have repeatedly denied that anyone from the facility contracted COVID-19. AndersonтАЩs work at the facility, and her funding, ended after the pandemic emerged and she focused on the novel coronavirus.
тАШIтАЩm not naiveтАЩ
ItтАЩs not that itтАЩs impossible the virus spilled from there. Anderson, better than most people, understands how a pathogen can escape from a laboratory. SARS, an earlier coronavirus that emerged in Asia in 2002 and killed more than 700 people, subsequently made its way out of secure facilities a handful of times, she said.
If presented with evidence that such an accident spawned COVID-19, Anderson тАЬcould foresee how things could maybe happen,тАЭ she said. тАЬIтАЩm not naive enough to say I absolutely write this off.тАЭ
And yet, she still believes it most likely came from a natural source. Since it took researchers almost a decade to pin down where in nature the SARS pathogen emerged, Anderson says sheтАЩs not surprised they havenтАЩt found the тАЬsmoking gunтАЭ bat responsible for the latest outbreak yet.
The Wuhan Institute of Virology is large enough that Anderson said she didnтАЩt know what everyone was working on at the end of 2019. She is aware of published research from the lab that involved testing viral components for their propensity to infect human cells. Anderson is convinced no virus was made intentionally to infect people and deliberately released-one of the more disturbing theories to have emerged about the pandemicтАЩs origins.
Gain of function
Anderson did concede that it would be theoretically possible for a scientist in the lab to be working on a gain of function technique to unknowingly infect themselves and to then unintentionally infect others in the community. But thereтАЩs no evidence that occurred and Anderson rated its likelihood as exceedingly slim.
Getting authorization to create a virus in this way typically requires many layers of approval, and there are scientific best practices that put strict limits on this kind of work. For example, a moratorium was placed on research that could be done on the 1918 Spanish flu virus after scientists isolated it decades later.
Even if such a gain of function effort got clearance, itтАЩs hard to achieve, Anderson said. The technique is called reverse genetics.
тАЬItтАЩs exceedingly difficult to actually make it work when you want it to work,тАЭ she said.
AndersonтАЩs lab in Singapore was one of the first to isolate SARS-CoV-2 from a COVID-19 patient outside China and then to grow the virus. It was complicated and challenging, even for a team used to working with coronaviruses that knew its biological characteristics, including which protein receptor it targets. These key facets wouldnтАЩt be known by anyone trying to craft a new virus, she said. Even then, the material that researchers study тАФ the virusтАЩs basic building blocks and genetic fingerprint тАФ arenтАЩt initially infectious, so they would need to culture significant amounts to infect people.
Despite this, Anderson does think an investigation is needed to nail down the virusтАЩs origin once and for all. SheтАЩs dumbfounded by the portrayal of the lab by some media outside China, and the toxic attacks on scientists that have ensued.
One of a dozen experts appointed to an international taskforce in November to study the origins of the virus, Anderson hasnтАЩt sought public attention, especially since being targeted by U.S. extremists in early 2020 after she exposed false information about the pandemic posted online. The vitriol that ensued prompted her to file a police report. The threats of violence many coronavirus scientists have experienced over the past 18 months have made them hesitant to speak out because of the risk that their words will be misconstrued.
The elements known to trigger infectious outbreaks тАФ the mixing of humans and animals, especially wildlife тАФ were present in Wuhan, creating an environment conducive for the spillover of a new zoonotic disease. In that respect, the emergence of COVID-19 follows a familiar pattern. WhatтАЩs shocking to Anderson is the way it unfurled into a global contagion.
тАЬThe pandemic is something no one could have imagined on this scale,тАЭ she said. Researchers must study COVID-19тАЩs calamitous path to determine what went wrong and how to stop the spread of future pathogens with pandemic potential.
тАЬThe virus was in the right place at the right time and everything lined up to cause this disaster.тАЭ
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