The crown prince of Saudi Arabia visited Turkey on Wednesday for the first time since Saudi agents murdered the prominent dissident and journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul in 2018, driving a deep rift between the two regional powers.
Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia’s de facto leader, met President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey in the Turkish capital, Ankara, in another step toward mending fences between two Middle Eastern heavyweights whose rivalry has played out across conflicts from Libya and Egypt to the Persian Gulf.
An equestrian unit escorted Prince Mohammed to the main gate of the presidential palace, where the two leaders greeted each other with a handshake and a kiss on each cheek before posing for photographers, a video of the welcome ceremony posted by the Turkish government showed.
Mr. Erdogan had already moved to recalibrate relations with a visit to Saudi Arabia in April, when he publicly embraced Prince Mohammed and announced what he called a “new period of cooperation” between their countries.
Crippled by soaring inflation at home, Mr. Erdogan has been courting regional leaders to bolster the Turkish economy before presidential elections next year.
In confirming the visit last week, Mr. Erdogan said he hoped his meeting with Prince Mohammed would present an opportunity to take relations to a higher level.
“These are two heavyweight boxers who can punch each other quite hard — but no one is going to win by knockouts,” said Emile Hokayem, a Middle East analyst at the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
“This recalibration, in a way, is unsurprising because you have a Saudi Arabia, which is rebounding right now, geopolitically and economically, and you have Turkey, which is still cornered, especially economically, but cannot be ignored,” he added.
The rapprochement follows similar moves by other countries to rebuild ties with Saudi Arabia, which drew global outrage over the grisly killing of Mr. Khashoggi, a Washington Post columnist and outspoken critic of Saudi Arabia.
A 2018 assessment by the Central Intelligence Agency concluded that Prince Mohammed had approved and ordered the hit team that killed and dismembered Mr. Khashoggi inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on Oct. 2, 2018. The columnist had gone there to pick up some paperwork he needed to marry his fiancée.
But Prince Mohammed, 36, has denied overseeing the operation or having any foreknowledge of it.
The murder swiftly ruptured ties between the two countries, which were already strained by a Saudi-led blockade of Qatar, a Turkish ally.
The Turkish government angered Saudi Arabia when it opened a vigorous investigation into Mr. Khashoggi’s murder and briefed international news media on lurid details of the case, dribbling them out slowly over time to mounting levels of international outrage. Mr. Erdogan said the order to dismember Mr. Khashoggi had come from the “highest levels” of the Saudi government, but stopped just short of accusing the prince directly.
With Turkey facing pressing economic hardships at home, however, Mr. Erdogan opened the door to better relations with Saudi Arabia in April when he endorsed the transfer of Mr. Khashoggi’s murder trial to Saudi Arabia and traveled to the Persian Gulf kingdom for the first time since the murder.
The meeting in Turkey is one stop for Prince Mohammed on a tour in which he is meeting leaders in countries across the region, including those in Jordan and Egypt, and seeking to end a period of international isolation.
During an earlier stop in Egypt, billed as a chance for the prince and President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to discuss regional cooperation, the prince signed 14 investment deals worth $7.7 billion across industries including technology, energy, food, pharmaceuticals and media.
The visit to Turkey Wednesday comes shortly before Prince Mohammed is expected to meet in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, with President Biden, who vowed as a candidate to make the kingdom a “pariah” over Mr. Khashoggi’s murder.
But Mr. Biden, who announced a ban on Russian oil and natural gas in response to Moscow’s decision to invade Ukraine, has since made efforts to rebuild relations with Saudi Arabia as he seeks an increase in the kingdom’s oil output to stabilize surging gas prices.
“Saudi’s economic fortunes are up because oil prices are surging and countries around the world are no longer freezing the country out,” Mr. Hokayem said. “It’s a moment for Saudi to deploy its influence in less of a brash way.”
Mr. Erdogan’s thawing of relations with Saudi Arabia has drawn criticism from political opponents and rights activists at home, who have denounced the rapprochement as a moral sellout. Last week, the Turkish government announced that it had dropped all charges against suspects in the Khashoggi case, according to a court verdict reviewed by The Times.
Hatice Cengiz, Mr. Khashoggi’s fiancée at the time of his death, said on Twitter that “the political legitimacy” that Prince Mohammed had gained through his recent meetings with world leaders would not “change the fact that he is a murderer.”
The leader of Turkey’s main opposition party, the Republican People’s Party, denounced the visit in a televised statement to members of the Turkish Parliament on Tuesday.
“You are ruining Turkey’s reputation,” Kemal Kilicdaroglu, the opposition leader, said, addressing the remark to Mr. Erdogan. “The leader of the Republic of Turkey will embrace the man who ordered the killing.”
Mr. Erdogan’s motivations are largely economic. Turkey relies on Russia for much of its natural gas. The president has warned that the economy, which has been battered by the worst inflation in two decades — in excess of 70 percent — would suffer even more severely if he were to cut off energy imports from Moscow over its invasion of Ukraine, as other U.S. allies have done.
Saudi Arabia and Russia are each among the world’s leading oil producers, so Turkey cannot afford to be at odds with both.
Turkey and Saudi Arabia have long competed for dominance of the Sunni Muslim countries of the Middle East.
Mr. Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party was born out of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist movement with a vast following. The Saudis regard the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.
The Arab Spring uprisings that spread across the Middle East a decade ago helped establish the Brotherhood as an organized political force in countries like Egypt.
The Saudi government sought to subvert the uprisings, which it saw as a direct threat to its dominance in the region. Turkey aligned itself with Qatar to back populist movements and Islamist groups.
“There is rivalry and there is distrust — but these are two cynical, quasi-autocratic leaders who operate under similar rules,” Mr. Hokayem said.
While Prince Mohammed will never forget that his Turkish counterpart opened the case into Mr. Khashoggi’s death, he recognizes that Mr. Erdogan ultimately paved the way for repatriating relations by transferring the case to Saudi authorities, Mr. Hokayem said.
“It won’t be love and friendship forever, but it is an improvement over what was happening over the past five to 10 years,” he said.
