WASHINGTON – The gusher of money the U.S. government poured into family bank accounts during the coronavirus pandemic, credited with speeding the rebound from the health crisis, may now help limit the economic damage from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and give the Federal Reserve more leeway in raising interest rates.
As analysts have begun parsing what sky-high oil prices and new uncertainty might mean, a common theme has emerged: U.S. consumers may get gouged at the gas pump but will likely be able to maintain much of their expected spending on other goods and services due to savings accumulated out of COVID-19 pandemic spending programs that have totaled about $5 trillion.
The war in Ukraine is a shock, they note, but one the United States may have unintentionally insured itself against.
“Household savings could help consumers maintain spending volumes in the face of related price increases,” JPMorgan economist Daniel Silver wrote this week, noting that each 10% increase in oil prices would cost consumers an additional $23 billion each year.
Households “have accumulated about $2.6 trillion of ‘excess saving’ in recent years relative to the pre-pandemic trend, which all else equal could be enough to cover even a sustained 50% surge in oil and natural gas prices for many years to come,” Silver wrote.
U.S. consumer price data released on Thursday showed the pace of annual price increases jumped to 7.9% last month from 7.5% in January. The increase was driven by energy and food costs, but still did not reflect the brunt of commodity price increases seen in the two weeks since Russia invaded Ukraine.
The month-to-month pace of price increases among some key goods declined, a development Fed officials have been hoping for as they look for signs that overall inflation would begin to moderate.
But given the uncertainty flowing from the conflict in Ukraine, the U.S. central bank is likely to keep a wary eye on inflation. Between the higher cost of oil and a consumer price index rising at the fastest pace since the early 1980s, investors now expect the Fed will raise its benchmark overnight interest rate by 1.75 percentage points this year. That would mean a quarter-percentage-point increase at each of its seven remaining policy meetings in 2022. The next meeting is March 15-16.
“The Ukraine-Russia conflict threatens to disrupt the Fed’s tightening plans this year,” said Seema Shah, chief strategist at Principal Global Investors. “But … the Fed cannot afford to wait and see how financial conditions respond to the geopolitical conflict.”
The United States and its allies responded to the Feb. 24 invasion of Ukraine with punishing sanctions on Russia, the world’s largest exporter of oil and oil products combined, adding to the updraft in oil prices. The price of U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude briefly hit $130 a barrel, from around $92 before the conflict.
The average U.S. price for regular unleaded gasoline has hit a record $4.25 a gallon, though that is about $1 a gallon below the inflation-adjusted peak.
While that indicates inflation likely has further to climb, it’s less clear what it will mean both for the Fed, as it debates how fast to raise interest rates, and for the U.S. economy as it emerges from the pandemic.
Some prior oil shocks, such as the one in the 1970s, were associated with more persistent inflation that prompted the U.S. central bank to react with aggressive rate increases. Others, such as the brief spike during the Gulf War in the early 1990s, came alongside Fed rate cuts because underlying inflation was expected to ease.
Signs of substitution, not pullback
The U.S. economy may have some room to give. Growth entering the year was strong, and even if high oil prices slow things, the outcome for the year is still likely to be solid — not the weak growth and rising prices of a true “stagflation.”
“The U.S. has become less sensitive to energy shocks,” with a steady decline in the share of income spent on energy, Bank of America economists wrote in a note. “With omicron cases fading, the reopening of the service sector has resumed. … Excess savings built up over the last two years can fund this rebound.”
Research on past oil shocks offers a sense of what to expect. Even as gas prices rise, fuel consumption and driving tend to remain steady, partly out of necessity — the daily commute, driving on the job, or family chores — as well as choice.
Household budgets then adapt. One 2008 study of periods when gas prices were high found increased bargain shopping at grocery stores and substitution into cheaper brands.
One possible bellwether of such a move: Shares of discount retail chain Dollar General Corp. have risen about 9% since the Ukraine war began, outpacing the broader market.
Nik Modi, a tobacco and household products analyst at RBC Capital Markets, said there was already evidence in late February before the invasion that smokers were trading down to cheaper cigarettes, a trend he expects to continue as gas prices rise. Pump prices had risen nearly 30 cents a gallon from the start of the year to when Russia invaded. They’re up another 70 cents since.
Yet high frequency restaurant and travel data so far shows little evidence of consumers pulling back.
Pandemic behavior changes
Corporate officials who might otherwise expect fallout from higher gas prices said they were hopeful this time will be different.
Some studies have found rising gas prices cause families to at least delay larger purchases, but “the effect of that might be somewhat more muted in this environment than maybe it has historically,” David Denton, the chief financial officer of home improvement chain Lowe’s Cos Inc.’s, said at the UBS Global Consumer and Retail conference on Wednesday.
“In the past, when gas prices have gone up, demand in this sector has kind of gone down a little bit,” Denton said, but working from home in particular may have insulated consumers who previously commuted to work.
Other pandemic dynamics may also play out. Public transit use remains depressed but could be an acceptable option for former riders as COVID-19 infections decrease. Credit card balances are lower, giving financial space to consumers intent on spending now that social life has resumed more fully.
In addition, economists and officials have noted that higher oil prices now have some potential upside in the United States, with the hit to consumers offset by rising employment and investment in domestic energy production.
“Oil prices would need to rise much further from here to seriously threaten the consumer recovery,” wrote Michael Pearce, a senior U.S. economist for Capital Economics. “For the broader economy, any hit to consumption should be mostly offset by greater investment in shale production.”
Pearce said there may even be some unintended benefits for the Fed. If rising gas prices do curb consumer demand for some goods and services, it could ease inflation by bringing demand closer in line with available supply.
“To the extent this means domestic demand is weaker, we should be seeing less upward pressure on wages and services prices,” Pearce said.
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